The Kitchener School of Medicine: 20th-century medical education in Sudan
During its 27 years as an independent institution, the Kitchener School of Medicine in Khartoum, Sudan, was recognised internationally as a pioneer of medical education in Africa. Many of the students who graduated with the diploma of the Kitchener School of Medicine (DKSM) went on to leading roles within the Sudanese Medical Service and also in politics and civic life, helping establish the new Sudan after independence in 1956.
From the beginning the Kitchener School maintained links with the Royal College of Physicians (RCP); several lecturers, assessors and outside examiners were fellows and in time a number of Sudanese graduates became members and were elected to the fellowship.
The idea for a medical school was reputedly first put forward by Lord Kitchener (governor general of Sudan from 1898 to 1899) on his last visit to the country in the summer of 1914, but the plans were temporarily suspended during the First World War. Following Kitchener’s death at sea in 1916, the decision was made to name the proposed medical school in his honour. A site in Khartoum was donated by the government, and construction began in 1922. The new school was opened by the governor general Sir Lee Stack on 29 February 1924, with Khartoum Hospital (established in 1908) becoming the main teaching hospital.

The Kitchener Memorial Medical School, Khartoum, Sudan. Process print, 1924, after G.B. Bridgman. Wellcome Library, London.
There were precedents in Africa; in 1827 a medical school was founded by the French Army in Cairo, Egypt, which became the Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, and in 1917 a school was established at Mengo Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.
The first faculty members at the new Sudanese school were doctors from the government’s Sudan Medical Service and staff from the Wellcome Research Laboratories, which was established in Khartoum in 1903. Herbert Chavasse Squires (1880–1964) became the director of Khartoum Hospital in 1924 and in 1926 was appointed as the first lecturer at the medical school. He was later joined by other staff, including another influential physician and lecturer, Roy Mervyn Humphreys, Finlay Mayne, a senior surgeon, and J S Hovell, a gynaecologist.
The initial idea was to give Sudanese students a general medical education, so that they could take up posts as doctors within their own country: there was no expectation that the graduates would specialise or take higher qualifications abroad. The intake to the 4-year course was small (limited to just 10 a year until 1938) and was made up of students from the Gordon Memorial College, the country’s leading secondary school.
In 1933 Sir Eric Pridie (1896–1978) became director of the Sudan Medical Service and of the Kitchener School. During his tenure he encouraged Sudanese appointments to key posts, sometimes against fierce opposition, and pushed for higher standards. His aim was to make medical education in Khartoum comparable to UK medical schools, partly to allow graduates to go on to higher training abroad. In the 1930s the curriculum was developed and the course was gradually extended, lengthening to 6 years in 1939.
He encouraged Sudanese appointments to key posts, sometimes against fierce opposition. Sarah Gillam, assistant editor, Munk’s Roll, on Sir Eric Pridie, director of the Sudan Medical Service and of the Kitchener School
In 1938 the Kitchener School was partially recognised by the royal colleges forming the London Conjoint Board. From that date graduates who had at least 2 years’ hospital experience after qualification were eligible for admission to the final examination of the board (the MRCS LRCP qualification) on completion of 1 year’s practice in a recognised hospital and medical school in the UK. In 1946 full recognition was given by the Conjoint Board and, from the 1940s, the RCP also began to allow graduates of the Kitchener School to take the membership exam, on the production of a letter of recommendation from the director of the Sudan Medical Service.
There were further links with the royal colleges: from 1927 to 1938 leading physicians and surgeons from the UK travelled to Sudan every year to assess the final examinations for the DKSM, including Sir Alexander Biggam (1888–1963), Sir Henry Tidy (1877–1960) and Sir Walter Langdon-Brown (1870–1946). From 1938 ‘visitors’ were appointed to inspect the Kitchener School, including, in 1950, Lord Brain (1895–1966), the then president of the RCP.
From the late 1920s, graduates of the Kitchener School began to progress to key positions within the Sudan Medical Service. Among the first to graduate, in 1928, was Ali Bedri (1903–1987). After qualifying, he became the first Sudanese to hold the post of senior medical officer at the Omdurman Hospital and Khartoum Hospital. In 1937 he went to the UK for further training at Hammersmith Hospital in London, and on his return was appointed as an assistant deputy director of medical services. In 1949, he became a member of the first legislative assembly and was appointed as minister of health. He was the first Sudanese to be elected as a fellow of the RCP, in 1952.

Ali Bedri, 1970. We have endeavoured to identify the copyright holder(s) in this photograph. Please contact us if you are the rights holder.
Adbel Halim Mohamed Halim (1910–2009) graduated from the Kitchener School in 1933, and 6 years later went to the UK for further training in general medicine and cardiology. In 1950 he became the first Sudanese director of the Omdurman Hospital, and in 1953 was appointed as a senior physician to the Ministry of Health and also director of Khartoum Hospital – again the first Sudanese to hold these posts. He was also an influential lecturer at the Kitchener School of Medicine and later at the medical faculty of Khartoum University. He was one of the founding members of the Sudanese Medical Association and the first president (from 1949 to 1965). He became a fellow of the RCP in 1962.

Graduates of the Kitchener School of Medicine, 1933. Reproduced by permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum.
Halim was also active in politics: he was one of the founders of the Conference Movement, which called for improved conditions for the Sudanese people and wider access to education. He also co-founded the journal Al Fajr (The Dawn), which became a hub for social, cultural and nationalist movements in Sudan.
Mansour Ali Haseeb (1910–1973) graduated with the DKSM in 1937, and specialised in bacteriology and parasitology. He studied in London and in 1943 gained his diploma in bacteriology. In 1952 he was appointed as director of research by the Sudan Ministry of Health, and in 1963 became professor of bacteriology and parasitology and dean of the faculty of medicine at the University of Khartoum. He was elected as a fellow of the RCP in 1969.

Graduates of the Kitchener School of Medicine, 1940. Reproduced by permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum.
Daoud Mustafa-Khalid (1917–2008) graduated with the Kitchener School in 1940. In 1950 he was awarded a scholarship to London to study internal medicine, and gained his MRCP in 1952. In 1953, on his return to Sudan, he became a lecturer at the University College Khartoum, and, in 1963, he was appointed as the first Sudanese head of the department of medicine at the University of Khartoum. A decade later, he became dean of the medical school. He also established neurology as a specialty in Sudan, and was a founding member and president of the first Sudanese neurological society. He gained his FRCP in 1967.
To learn more, Please click the link:
https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/kitchener-school-medicine-20th-century-medical-education-sudan
[url=[Link deleted]credit installment loans guaranteed[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loan companies[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]products[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans guaranteed approval[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]cash loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]cash advances[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans las vegas nevada[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]no checking account[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]for a loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]bad credit personal loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]day cash advance[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans for poor credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]websites[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]a loan today[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]guaranteed approval[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]till payday[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]money fast[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans in nevada[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]online[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]relief companies[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]credit lenders only[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]money fast[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]acceptance payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]consolidation programs[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans bad credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]to get a loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]is debt consolidation[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans tulsa[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans no credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans florida[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]repayment[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]free payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]credit no money down[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]2 blt[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans no teletrack check[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]term installment loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]day payday loans no credit checks[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]cash register[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loan for bad credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans direct lender[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]term loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]for loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]money payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]online loans instant approval[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans no teletrack check[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]consolidation loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]installment loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]without credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans for bad credit[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]personal loan[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans calgary[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]lenders[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]money[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]loans[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]payday loans reviews[/url]
[url=[Link deleted]lenders[/url]
[url=http://ivermectinbestbuy.com/]order stromectol[/url]
[url=https://ivermectinbestbuy.com/]ivermectin australia[/url]
[url=https://genericivermectin.com/]stromectol how much it cost[/url]
[url=https://cialismale.com/]cialis coupons[/url]
[url=http://viagrafit.com/]viagra otc canada[/url]
[url=https://viagraos.com/]order viagra online canadian pharmacy[/url]
keflex medical azithromycin treats ciprofloxacin dosages
I will right away clutch your rss feed as I can not in finding your email subscription link or e-newsletter service.
Do you have any? Kindly permit me realize in order that I may just subscribe.
Thanks.
augmentin medicine omnicef picture generic augmentin
Right here is the perfect website for everyone who wishes to find out about this topic.
You understand so much its almost tough to argue with you
(not that I really will need to…HaHa). You certainly put a fresh spin on a subject which has been discussed for ages.
Great stuff, just wonderful!
azithromycin ivpb omnicef dosing keflex generico
erythromycin blocks keflex indications augmentin liquid
Even though figures state and do things that are absurd through the
entire line, it is a lot more annoying once they state and
do things that will be better shown than stated with expository conversation.
It is perfect time to make some plans for the future and it is time to be
happy. I’ve read this post and if I could I
wish to suggest you some interesting things or advice.
Perhaps you can write next articles referring to this article.
I wish to read even more things about it!
celebrex monograph celecoxib routes celebrex medicamento
Other Requirements: Internet Connection (For Downloading the Time Zones Database from our Server).
Thanks-a-mundo for the blog article.Much thanks again. Great.
Say, you got a nice article. Keep writing.
I learned more interesting things on this fat loss issue. One issue is a good nutrition is tremendously vital if dieting. A massive reduction in junk food, sugary foodstuff, fried foods, sweet foods, beef, and white-colored flour products may perhaps be necessary. Holding wastes parasitic organisms, and poisons may prevent ambitions for losing weight. While particular drugs quickly solve the matter, the nasty side effects are not worth it, they usually never offer you more than a temporary solution. This can be a known idea that 95 of fad diets fail. Thanks for sharing your opinions on this web site.
Ahaa, its nice discussion about this post here at this web site, I have read all that, so
now me also commenting here.
I’ve been surfing online more than 3 hours today, yet I never
found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me.
Personally, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you did, the net will be much more useful than ever before.
I just could not leave your web site before suggesting that I
really enjoyed the standard info an individual provide on your
visitors? Is going to be back continuously in order to check out new posts
It is appropriate time to make some plans for the future
and it is time to be happy. I’ve learn this post and if
I could I wish to counsel you few attention-grabbing
issues or tips. Perhaps you can write subsequent articles
referring to this article. I want to learn even more things approximately it!
Everyone loves what you guys tend to be up too. Such clever work and coverage!
Keep up the excellent works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to my own blogroll.
Way cool! Some extremely valid points! I appreciate you
penning this post and also the rest of the website is also
very good.
You’re so interesting! I do not suppose I have read through a single thing like that before.
So good to discover another person with genuine thoughts on this issue.
Seriously.. thanks for starting this up. This website is something that is required on the internet, someone with a bit of
originality!
It’s perfect time to make some plans for the future and it’s
time to be happy. I’ve read this post and if I could I wish to
suggest you few interesting things or tips.
Perhaps you can write next articles referring to this article.
I want to read more things about it!
I have observed that expenses for on-line degree gurus tend to be a fantastic value. For example a full Bachelors Degree in Communication in the University of Phoenix Online consists of Sixty credits with $515/credit or $30,900. Also American Intercontinental University Online makes available Bachelors of Business Administration with a whole education course element of 180 units and a price of $30,560. Online learning has made obtaining your higher education degree been so cool because you can certainly earn your own degree in the comfort of your dwelling place and when you finish working. Thanks for all the other tips I have certainly learned through your web site.
Thanks again for the article.Really looking forward to read more. Fantastic.
Enjoyed every bit of your blog article.Thanks Again. Great.
Ahaa, its pleasant dialogue on the topic of this piece of writing here at this website, I have
read all that, so now me also commenting here.
I needed to thank you for this excellent read!!
I definitely loved every bit of it. I have you bookmarked to
look at new things you
Hey there would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re
working with? I’m planning to start my own blog soon but I’m having a hard time deciding between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal.
The reason I ask is because your design seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something unique.
P.S My apologies for being off-topic but I had to ask!
Hello mates, good article and pleasant urging commented here, I am actually enjoying by these.
Incredible! This blog looks just like my old one! It’s on a completely different subject but it has pretty much the same page layout and design.
Wonderful choice of colors!
Wow, superb weblog layout! How lengthy have you ever been blogging for? you make running a blog look easy. The whole look of your web site is great, as neatly as the content!
Fabulous, what a web site it is! This website provides
valuable data to us, keep it up.
I’ve been surfing on-line more than 3 hours as of late, yet I by no means found any attention-grabbing
article like yours. It is lovely worth enough for me.
In my opinion, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content material as you did,
the net shall be a lot more helpful than ever before.
Major thanks for the post.Thanks Again. Fantastic.
Muchos Gracias for your article.Thanks Again. Cool.
buy tadalafil cialis no prescription